In every clash between demonstrators and security forces since the January revolution, the security forces involved in the violence, whether they were police or army, justified the killing and injuring of demonstrators with excuses such as: that the demonstrators were the ones who started the violence, that the security forces used only legitimate means to defend public property and defend themselves, or that the killings were not carried out by the security forces themselves, but by third parties. To date, not one single army or police officer has been prosecuted for the deaths and injuries of demonstrators since February.
A number of investigations have allegedly been set up, the results of which – if they have indeed been conducted – have not been made public. The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR) has, and will continue to, collect evidence proving that these excuses are largely a manipulation of the truth, and a failure to prosecute any wrongdoing on behalf of the security forces.
The EIPR also maintains that, even if the scenarios presented by the authorities were completely true, the type of force used and the level of force used would be illegal and constitute criminal offenses under national and international law. This holds true for the 'Majlis el Shaab' clashes in December, which resulted in the death of 17 protesters so far, for the 'Mohamed Mahmoud street' clashes in November, which resulted in the death of 45 protesters, for the 'Maspero massacre' in October which resulted in the death of 28 protesters, and for other events before them.
The following is a brief of the international rules applicable in managing demonstrations and public disorder. It lists the circumstances in which security forces are allowed to use force and firearms, and the circumstances in which the use of force is illegal and constitutes a criminal offense. Rules for Policing Demonstrations and Public Disorder Policing demonstrations and managing public disorder are subject to minimum standards agreed upon internationally. These rules apply to both police and military forces carrying out police duties, and are contained in International Conventions and standards, most notably the United Nations (UN) Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials . Exceptional circumstances such as internal political instability or any other public emergency may not be invoked to justify any departure from these basic principles. Key Principles The following principles dictate the security forces' conduct in securing demonstrations and in managing public disorder. Security agencies are responsible for securing demonstrations - whether planned or spontaneous - and for securing the rights of participants and non-participants with the following understanding:
1. Security agencies' role is to protect citizens' right to life, liberty and security. Action by security agencies must be intended to ensure public safety, to prevent disorder or crime and to protect the rights of others.
2. Citizens have the rights to peaceful assembly and demonstration.
3. Law enforcement officials may use force only when strictly necessary and to the extent required for the performance of their duty. Use of force and firearms by law enforcement officers should be:
a) Proportionate to the lawful objective to be achieved and to the seriousness of the offense;
b) Lawful, which means it must conform to the national laws and regulations as well as to international standards;
c) Necessary, which means that force and firearms should be used only when other means remain ineffective or without any promise of achieving the intended result, and only to the extend required;
d) Accountable: this means that procedures should be in place to report any use of firearms and any death or serious injury resulting from the use of force. Internal review should follow the reporting to ensure the use of force was legitimate. It also means that both the officer giving orders to use illegal force and those obeying the order are criminally liable.
4. In all cases, firearms – birdshots, rubber bullets and live ammunition - shall not be used against persons except in self-defense or defense of others against the imminent threat of death or serious injury, to prevent the perpetration of a particularly serious crime involving grave threat to life, to arrest a person presenting such a danger and resisting their authority, or to prevent his or her escape, and only when less extreme means are insufficient to achieve these objectives. Whenever the lawful use of force and firearms is unavoidable, law enforcement officers shall minimize damage and injury, and respect and preserve human life. 5. Intentional lethal use of firearms may only be made when strictly unavoidable in order to protect life.
What these Principles Mean in Practice If the demonstration is peaceful but unlawful If the protest is unlawful but peaceful, security forces should avoid any use force in dispersing it, or, where that is not practicable, shall restrict such force to the minimum extent necessary. This means that security agencies should first negotiate with demonstrators. If negotiations fail to disperse the demonstration, the security forces should then warn that they will be using force if the demonstrators don't disperse. If this does not work, they may start using the least extreme means available, such as water cannons. Only if these fail to disperse demonstrators, then security agencies may use non-lethal incapacitating weapons, such as tear gas. In all cases, the use of force should be proportionate to the aim, and minimize damage and injury.
For example, if a group of 20 demonstrators are holding a sit-in in a public garden, it is disproportionate to use tear gas to disperse them. The use of firearms to disperse a peaceful demonstration is illegal. If protesters are using violence If people amongst the protesters use force, for example throwing stones or molotov cocktails at security forces, law enforcement officers may use force only to the extent necessary, while minimizing damage and injury.
Security response should also discriminate between those protesters using violence and peaceful protesters, and seek to isolate those using violence while protecting peaceful demonstrators. In any case, using indiscriminate force against anyone present in the area where the violence is taking place is illegal. If the violence used by demonstrators does not constitute a threat for death or serious injury, firearms may not be used. For example, throwing stones at police officers wearing helmets and shields is illegal, yet it does not pose an imminent threat of death or serious injury. In responding to it, security forces may not use firearms. Only if the level of violence used by demonstrators poses an imminent threat of death or serious injury are security forces allowed to use firearms and live ammunition, and only to the extent necessary.
It should be noted that in cases of violence erupting, the security forces should act with the aim of preventing the situation from escalating, preventing further violence and deescalating the situation. If the use of force, even if legal and necessary, is potentially going to escalate the situation and lead to more violence and disorder, security forces should refrain from using force. Withdrawal may sometimes prevent the situation from escalating.
If civilians use violence against demonstrators If one or more civilian uses violence against peaceful demonstrators, then the security forces' role is to arrest those committing these crimes and prevent further violence. Therefore, the security forces have a duty to arrest any civilian using violence against a demonstration, whether by throwing stones at demonstrators or using any type of firearms.
Failure to do so when it is within their reach is a breach of their duty and may constitute a criminal offense under Egyptian criminal law. In all cases, the security forces' role is confined to making arrests and officers should never take any punitive action against civilians. When there is an attack on public or private property Security forces' role is to protect public and private property. In doing so, the same rules for the use of force and firearms apply. This means that the use of force should be lawful, necessary and proportionate to the objective to be achieved. Firearms should only be used if there is an imminent threat of death or serious injury; breaking into private or public property does not, in itself, represent such a threat.
The protection of public property can never justify the intentional use of lethal force. In All Cases
• It is strictly forbidden for security forces to throw stones or any other items at demonstrators, even if the demonstrators are throwing stones at them. Security forces dispersing demonstrations should not under any circumstances have swords or other weapons that are not authorized by law.
• It is strictly forbidden for security forces to use physical force against a person unless it is strictly necessary. Beating someone who is not offering resistance, who is on the ground or unconscious, or sexually assaulting someone is a criminal offense liable of imprisonment. When committed by a law enforcement officer, the penalty is aggravated.
• It is a criminal offense for law enforcement officers to use threatening, abusive or insulting language or behavior.
• Police action should target the person responsible for the breach of the peace. Targeting any other individuals is unlawful, including the targeting of journalists and citizens taking pictures or videos of the events.
• It is forbidden to use non-lethal incapacitating weapons in a way that may cause death or injure uninvolved persons. For example, birdshots and rubber bullets should not be fired directly at the upper part of protesters' bodies. Tear gas should not be excessively used and should never be used in enclosed spaces or fired directly at protesters. Use of tear gas in residential areas should be restricted. • Shooting live ammunition at someone's head or chest can never be justified unless it is a situation where this person is about to kill or severely injure someone – for example pointing a loaded gun at someone, and when this is the only way to stop him or her from doing so.
