This study was prepared by Amr Abdel Rahman, director of EIPR’s Civil Liberties Unit. The desk research and data collection was carried out by EIPR’s researcher Mahmoud Nagy. Lobna Darwish, director of the Women's Rights and Gender Program, provided advice and comments on various drafts of this study. The final review and editing was made by Karim Ennarah, deputy executive director of research at EIPR.